Compiler/MSP430L092: How to run asm program and find API functions

Hello,

Please check out the following threads that are related to this error. I suspect that you started with a C project and imported assembly code into it or vice versa.

Also, I would recommend updating your tools and your device. I would start by using our newest debugger, the MSP-FET, and also trying out our Code Composer Studio (CCS) IDE. Is there a specific reason that you've chosen the L092? We offer much newer, better supported devices, including some exciting ones from our FRAM family, like the MSP430FR2311.

Regards,

James

MSP Customer Applications

Part Number: MSP430L092

Replay to Mr. James,

Yes, there is some special reason, the ULV, I need to chose the L092.
The main reason that asm programs could not be run in my IAR system may be they are developed from CCS.,though they are all be provided from your company. There are many differences between CCS and IAR for the assembler. Is it right?
By the way, could you provide us some more examples of asm programs developed from IAR and for L092, and some programs showed Its API operation? If so, we will be easy  to master its developing.Thank you very much.
Regards,
Ruan

Appendix:

James Evans replied to Compiler/MSP430L092: How to run asm program and find API functions.

Hello,

Please check out the following threads that are related to this error. I suspect that you started with a C project and imported assembly code into it or vice versa.

Also, I would recommend updating your tools and your device. I would start by using our newest debugger, the MSP-FET, and also trying out our Code Composer Studio (CCS) IDE. Is there a specific reason that you've chosen the L092? We offer much newer, better supported devices, including some exciting ones from our FRAM family, like the MSP430FR2311.

Regards,

James

MSP Customer Applications

Jinping Ruan said:

Yes, there is some special reason, the ULV, I need to chose the L092.

Thanks! This makes sense.

Jinping Ruan said:

The main reason that asm programs could not be run in my IAR system may be they are developed from CCS.,though they are all be provided from your company. There are many differences between CCS and IAR for the assembler. Is it right?

Are you required to use IAR? We offer several assembly code examples for the L09 for CCS, but not IAR. You can download those code examples from the Tools & Software tab (under Software section) on the L092 product folder. You're correct that there are differences between the CCS and IAR compilers and the assembly code would need to be ported.

Since CCS is free now and the examples support CCS, I would highly recommend going this route for your development.

Regards,

James

MSP Customer Applications

Yes, I have developed many programs used CCS for like TMS320F28332 etc. Yet for L092, I have to work with your MSP430L092 target board kit that will be connected to the MSP FET430UIF used ISR. It seems that there are many differences between the JTAG pin layouts for emulators of 430UIF and XDS100 (for 28332). I have no idea if 430UIF can use CCS and how it can be done.
Regards,
Ruan

Hello Ruan,

Yes, the MSP-TS430L092 target board and the MSP-FET are supported by CCS. The legacy MSP-FET430UIF is not recommended for new designs (NRND). The 14-pin connector of the MSP-FET plugs into the L092 Active Cable board that's connected to the MSP-TS430L092 target board. You can find more details about how to use the MSP-TS430L092 target board by searching for the part number in the MSP430 Hardware Tools User's Guide. More specifically, refer to Figures B-6 and B-8.

Regards,

James

MSP Customer Applications

I see that CCS should support the MSP-FET, but for my CCS V6.1.3, there is no .gel for TMS430F1121 and L092, so it could not be configured. Besides, for driving my MSP-FET430UIF, it’s hardware need to be upgraded, as my IAR using is V 5.3. By the way, could you let me know which one is the active emulator for it?
By using IAR, still some of the programs can be debugged and some can not.
Regards,
Ruan

Jinping Ruan said:

I see that CCS should support the MSP-FET, but for my CCS V6.1.3, there is no .gel for TMS430F1121 and L092, so it could not be configured.

I'm assuming that you meant "MSP430F1121" instead of "TMS430F1121". I'm not familiar with .gel files. After reading about them online, they seem to be used for processors, not microcontrollers. For MSP430, the target configuration is defined in the .ccxml file. Thus, you don't need to worry about the .gel file here.

Jinping Ruan said:

Besides, for driving my MSP-FET430UIF, it’s hardware need to be upgraded, as my IAR using is V 5.3. By the way, could you let me know which one is the active emulator for it?
By using IAR, still some of the programs can be debugged and some can not.

Since you already have the MSP-TS430L092 target board and the MSP-FET430UIF, you can use IAR or CCS to easily get started. Have you tried connecting everything, selecting an example assembly project, programming the device, and debugging it yet? Again, you can find more details about how to use the MSP-TS430L092 target board by searching for the part number in the MSP430 Hardware Tools User's Guide. More specifically, refer to Figures B-6 and B-8.

While slightly dated, take a look at the following L092 Introduction video with presentation. It should help fill in the gaps. Otherwise, I'm not sure how much more help I can be here.

Regards,

James

MSP Customer Applications

Hi James,

After a period of learning, I am familiar with the performance and operation of L092 and IAR Tool gradually. Yet, there are still the following questions to be asked for help.
1, According to the chapter 2.2.3 of literature number: SLAU321, it pointes that the HF-OSC of L092 may be internal trimmed and provides a stable frequency. But I have no idea how to do the internal trimmed. Not like for F1101, I could not find any information or example programs for doing this. Could you give me some help to solve it?
2， Can you recommend the model of the external clock (the crystal oscillator) and how can we meet the requirements of such a low power supply of L 092?
3， Debugging with IAR for F1101, I use the program given in appendix. When WDTCTL=WDT-MDLY-8 is used, the work is normal, but with WDTCTL=WDT-ADLY-250, there is no way to enter the interruption ISR. Please let me know what is the matter.

Regards,
Ruan

appendix:

#include <msp430x11x1.h>
void main(void)
{
WDTCTL = WDT_ADLY_250; //WDT 250ms, ACLK, interval timer
IE1 |= WDTIE; // Enable WDT interrupt
P1DIR |= 0x01; // Set P1.0 to output direction

_BIS_SR(LPM0_bits + GIE); // Enter LPM3 w/interrupt
}

// Watchdog Timer interrupt service routine
#pragma vector=WDT_VECTOR
__interrupt void watchdog_timer(void)
{
P1OUT ^= 0x01; // Toggle P1.0 using exclusive-OR
}

Jinping Ruan said:

1, According to the chapter 2.2.3 of literature number: SLAU321, it pointes that the HF-OSC of L092 may be internal trimmed and provides a stable frequency. But I have no idea how to do the internal trimmed. Not like for F1101, I could not find any information or example programs for doing this. Could you give me some help to solve it?

The User's Guide mentions that CCSCTL2 can be used for frequency trimming the HF-OSC. The default value is 0101000b for ~1MHz operation. Using the lower (0000000b) and upper limits (1111111b) in CCSCTL2, you can achieve ~0.565MHz to ~2.3MHz frequencies, respectively. Just make sure you modify this register when CCS is unlocked. For example, I would do it between the CCSCTL4 and CCSCTL5 register configurations in the 'msp430x09x_ccs_hfosc.c' code example below.

Edit: Changed bold values from "0.7MHz to 1.3MHz frequencies" to "~0.565MHz to ~2.3MHz frequencies".

msp430x09x_ccs_hfosc.c

/* --COPYRIGHT--,BSD_EX
 * Copyright (c) 2012, Texas Instruments Incorporated
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *
 * *  Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * *  Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * *  Neither the name of Texas Instruments Incorporated nor the names of
 *    its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
 *    from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
 * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
 * OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
 * WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
 * OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE,
 * EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *******************************************************************************
 * 
 *                       MSP430 CODE EXAMPLE DISCLAIMER
 *
 * MSP430 code examples are self-contained low-level programs that typically
 * demonstrate a single peripheral function or device feature in a highly
 * concise manner. For this the code may rely on the device's power-on default
 * register values and settings such as the clock configuration and care must
 * be taken when combining code from several examples to avoid potential side
 * effects. Also see www.ti.com/grace for a GUI- and www.ti.com/msp430ware
 * for an API functional library-approach to peripheral configuration.
 *
 * --/COPYRIGHT--*/
/* Description: This program demonstrates how to configure ACLK, MCLK, and SMCLK */
/* to use the HF clock source.                                                   */
/****************************Timer_A0*********************************************/
/*  Requirements:Oscilloscope                                                    */
/*                                                                               */
/*                                                                               */
/*                               +----L092---+                                   */
/*                               |*1      14 |                                   */
/*                               | 2      13 |                                   */
/*                               | 3      12 |  -> P1.4 MCLK ~1MHz               */
/*                               | 4      11 |                                   */
/*                               | 5      10 |                                   */
/*     P1.0 ACLK ~1MHz   <-      | 6       9 |                                   */
/*     P1.1 SMCLK ~1MHz  <-      | 7       8 |                                   */
/*                               +-----------+                                   */
/*                                                                               */
/*  D.Dang/D.Archbold/D.Szmulewicz                                               */
/*  Texas Instruments Inc.                                                       */
/*  Built with IAR Version 5.10.4                                                */
/*********************************************************************************/
#include <msp430.h>

int main(void)
{
    WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD;

   // Setup Port 1 to output ACLK, SMCLK, and MCLK
   // P1.0 = ACLK -> P1DIR.0 = 1; P1SEL0.0 = 1; P1SEL1.0 = 1;
   // P1.1 = SMCLK-> P1DIR.1 = 1; P1SEL0.1 = 1; P1SEL1.1 = 1;
   // P1.4 = MCLK -> P1DIR.4 = 1; P1SEL0.4 = 1; P1SEL1.4 = 1;
    
    P1DIR  |= BIT0 + BIT1 + BIT4;               
    P1SEL0 |= BIT0 + BIT1 + BIT4;                
    P1SEL1 |= BIT0 + BIT1 + BIT4;               
	
	/************************/
	/* Setup CCS            */
	/* ACLK = HFCLK/DCO     */
        /* MCLK = HFCLK/DCO     */
        /* SMCLK = HFCLK/DCO    */
	/************************/
    
    CCSCTL0 = CCSKEY;                      // Unlock CCS  
    
    while (SFRIFG1 & OFIFG)                // Oscillator Flag(s)?
  {
    CCSCTL7 = 0;                           // Clear HF & LF OSC fault flags
    SFRIFG1 = 0;                           // Clear OFIFG  
  }
  
    CCSCTL4 = SELA_0 + SELM_0 + SELS_0;    // Select HFCLK/DCO as the source for ACLK, MCLK, and SMCLK  
    CCSCTL5 = DIVA_0 + DIVM_0 + DIVS_0;    // Set the Dividers for ACLK, MCLK, and SMCLK to 1
    CCSCTL0_H |= 0xFF;                     // Lock CCS
	
        /* Lock by writing to upper byte */	
	
    while(1);

}

Jinping Ruan said:

2， Can you recommend the model of the external clock (the crystal oscillator) and how can we meet the requirements of such a low power supply of L 092?

My best recommendation would be to check the target socket board BOM to see what external clock was used. Also, make sure the crystal meets any requirements specified in the datasheet. In Section 2.2.4 External Clock Source in the User's Guide, it mentions that CLKIN may be used with external clock signals on the CLKIN-pin by selecting CLKIN as source. When used with an external signal, the external frequency must meet the data sheet parameters.

Jinping Ruan said:

3， Debugging with IAR for F1101, I use the program given in appendix. When WDTCTL=WDT-MDLY-8 is used, the work is normal, but with WDTCTL=WDT-ADLY-250, there is no way to enter the interruption ISR. Please let me know what is the matter.

See if the ISR gets executed when you're NOT debugging. Sometimes the active debug session can mess with the clocks and timings.

Regards,

James

MSP Customer Applications

Thank you for your help. I have finished a design of my program for L092. I bought the BOM of MSP-TS430L092 Rev.1.1, but there is no external clock on it at all. I have looked for it for long, but feel no one is suit it, especially for the low supply voltage, so ask if you could give some recommended models.
Regards,
Ruan

Hi James,
Thank you. It seems that many problems have been solved. But when running the msp430x09x_apool_adc_06, Sampled Temperature program you given, there are more problems. The related.C and.Asm programs are duplicated as follows.
1, to .c file
The first time , after the project is generated and running Linker, it shows the error of [e46], as a message under the attachment program; using the same method, another project is created, but it can be successfully passed. The debugging results: using the original program, both Result and DegC are 0; changed the original program by deleting +OSWP in APCTL, get Result = 166 and DegC = 0. All is not correct.
2. to .asm file
Since I used the debug tool of IAR, I have modified your program (other programs can run correctly after modification, but this program have .BSS items, I do not know if its modification is correct?). Debug results: Result=16533, DegC=16562. In particular, to the last few instructions I do not know how can to get DegC. After running them, R12 is 0xx0008, but why the DegC shown in “watch” is 16562.
Though repeatedly debugging, problems still can not be solved. Is it a software or hardware problem? Please guide.
By the way, it is really difficult to find crystal oscillator to meet Freq. 960KHz or 1.2MHz at 0.9V.
Regards,
Ruan

/* Description: ADC Temperature Sample, msp430x09x_apool_adc_06.c
#include "msp430l092.h"
int Result;
volatile unsigned long int DegC;
void main(void)
{
WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD; // Stop WDT
// Begin Configuration of the A-POOL registers
APCTL = 0; // Clear APCTL register
APIE |= EOCIE; // Enable Interrupt for End of Conversion
APTRIM = REFTSEL;
APVDIV = TMPSEN; // Enable Temperature Sensor
APCNF = CMPON+DBON+CONVON+APREFON+CLKSEL_MCLK;
// Configure A-POOL elements, Select MCLK as A-POOL Clock Source
APCTL = OSEL+ODEN+OSWP+APPSEL_5+APNSEL_4; // Set Channels and Start Conversion
APINT = 0x00; // Clear ADC-DAC-REG
APCTL |= CBSTP+SBSTP+RUNSTOP;
__bis_SR_register(LPM0_bits + GIE); // Enter LPM0 w/ interrupts enabled
Result = APINT;
DegC = (int)(Result-179)*(1/0.464)+30; // Refer to datasheet for accuracy and offset specs
__no_operation(); // SET BREAKPOINT HERE
}
//A_POOL Interrupt Service Routine
#pragma vector=APOOL_VECTOR
__interrupt void A_POOL(void)
{
APIFG = 0; // Clear Interrupt Flag
__bic_SR_register_on_exit(LPM0_bits); // Exit Active to calculate Temperature
}
Massage:
Linking
Warning[w60]: The entry point label "__program_start" was not found in any input file. The image will not have an entry point
Error[e46]: Undefined external "__program_start" referred in ?ABS_ENTRY_MOD ( )
Error while running Linker


; Description: ADC Temperature Sample msp430x09x_apool_06.asm
; .cdecls C,LIST,"msp430x09x.h"
;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; .data ; RAM variables
; COMMON DATA16_C
Result DS8 2
DegC DS8 4
DegF DS8 4
;------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; .bss Result,2
; .bss DegC,4
; .bss DegF,4
;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; .global main
; .text ; Assemble to memory
;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;main
#include "msp430l092.h"
ORG 01C80h

RESET mov.w #0x2400,SP ; Initialize stack pointer
mov.w #WDTPW + WDTHOLD,&WDTCTL ; Stop WDT

; Begin Configuration of the A-POOL registers

mov.w #0,&APCTL ; Clear APCTL register
bis.w #EOCIE,&APIE ; Enable Interrupt for End of Conversion
mov.w #REFTSEL,&APTRIM
mov.w #TMPSEN,&APVDIV ; Enable Temperature Sensor
mov.w #CMPON+DBON+CONVON+APREFON+CLKSEL_MCLK,&APCNF ; Configure A-POOL elements, Select MCLK as A-POOL Clock Source

mov.w #OSEL+ODEN+APPSEL_5+APNSEL_4,&APCTL ; Set Channels and Start Conversion
mov.w #0,&APINT ; Clear ADC-DAC-REG

bis.w #CBSTP+SBSTP+RUNSTOP,&APCTL;
bis.w #LPM0+GIE,SR ; Enter LPM0 w/ interrupts enabled

mov.w &APINT,&Result
mov.w &Result, R12
mov.w #169,R12
sub.w #165,R12 ; Subtract 165
rla R12 ; Multiply by 2
mov.w R12,&DegC ; Simple example with roundings. For more accurate result please refer to C code example

nop ; SET BREAKPOINT HERE
;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A_POOL_ISR ;A_POOL Interrupt Service Routine
;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mov.w #0,&APIFG ; Clear Interrupt Flag
bic.w #LPM0,0(SP) ; Modify SP so that it enters active mode after reti
reti ; Return from ISR
;------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Interrupt Vectors
;------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMMON INTVEC ; Interrupt vectors
ORG RESET_VECTOR
DW RESET
ORG APOOL_VECTOR
DW A_POOL_ISR ;A_POOL VectorWDT_ISR
END

; .sect ".int09" ; A_POOL_vector
; .short A_POOL_ISR ;A_POOL Vector
; .end

Hello,

Using the latest "msp430x09x_apool_adc_06" code example from MSP430Ware v3.80.04.05 in CCS v8, I built the project with no errors. I would recommend using the latest version of IAR and downloading the latest version of MSP430Ware to ensure you have the latest version of this code example.

/* --COPYRIGHT--,BSD_EX
 * Copyright (c) 2012, Texas Instruments Incorporated
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *
 * *  Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * *  Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * *  Neither the name of Texas Instruments Incorporated nor the names of
 *    its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
 *    from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
 * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
 * OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
 * WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
 * OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE,
 * EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *******************************************************************************
 * 
 *                       MSP430 CODE EXAMPLE DISCLAIMER
 *
 * MSP430 code examples are self-contained low-level programs that typically
 * demonstrate a single peripheral function or device feature in a highly
 * concise manner. For this the code may rely on the device's power-on default
 * register values and settings such as the clock configuration and care must
 * be taken when combining code from several examples to avoid potential side
 * effects. Also see www.ti.com/grace for a GUI- and www.ti.com/msp430ware
 * for an API functional library-approach to peripheral configuration.
 *
 * --/COPYRIGHT--*/
/*   Description:  ADC Temperature Sample                                        */
/****************************A_POOL ADC Conversion *******************************/
/*                                                                               */
/*                                                                               */
/*              +----L092---+                                                    */
/*              |*1      14 |                                                    */
/*              | 2      13 |                                                    */
/*              | 3      12 |                                                    */
/*              | 4      11 |                                                    */
/*              | 5      10 |                                                    */
/*              | 6       9 |                                                    */
/*              | 7       8 |                                                    */
/*              +-----------+                                                    */
/*                                                                               */
/*  D.Dang/ D.Archbold/ D.Szmulewicz /F. Chen                                            */
/*  Texas Instruments Inc.                                                       */
/*  Built with IAR Version 5.51.1 and CCS Verison 5.3.00090                                               */
/*********************************************************************************/

#include <msp430.h>

int Result;
volatile  short int DegC;


int main(void)
{
   WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD;                                       // Stop WDT

  // Begin Configuration of the A-POOL registers

    APCTL = 0;                                                     // Clear APCTL register
    APIE |= EOCIE;                                                 // Enable Interrupt for End of Conversion
    APTRIM = REFTSEL;
    APVDIV = TMPSEN;                                               // Enable Temperature Sensor
    APCNF = CMPON+DBON+CONVON+APREFON+CLKSEL_MCLK;                 // Configure A-POOL elements, Select MCLK as A-POOL Clock Source


    while(1)
	{

    APCTL = OSEL+ODEN+OSWP+APPSEL_4+APNSEL_5;                                // Set Channels and Start Conversion--+ODEN+
    APINT = 0x00;                                                  // Clear ADC-DAC-REG
    APIFG = 0;
    APCTL |= CBSTP+SBSTP+RUNSTOP;
    __bis_SR_register(LPM0_bits + GIE);                           // Enter LPM0 w/ interrupts enabled

    Result = APINT;
    DegC =(((Result-179)*125)/58) + 30;                                   // Refer to datasheet for accuracy and offset specs

    __no_operation();                                             // SET BREAKPOINT HERE

  }

}


//A_POOL Interrupt Service Routine
#if defined(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__) || defined(__IAR_SYSTEMS_ICC__)
#pragma vector=APOOL_VECTOR
__interrupt void A_POOL(void)
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
void __attribute__ ((interrupt(APOOL_VECTOR))) A_POOL (void)
#else
#error Compiler not supported!
#endif
{
    APIFG = 0;                                                     // Clear Interrupt Flag
__bic_SR_register_on_exit(LPM0_bits);                              // Exit Active to calculate Temperature


}

Also, I would not recommend using the L092's internal temperature sensor for your application because it's relatively inaccurate. Instead, I would recommend using an external temp sensor. Here are some related E2E threads discussing this in more detail.

MSP430L092: Temperature Sensor Issues

MSP430L092: TEMPERATURE SENSOR MEASURING ERROR

MSP430L092: How can I combine temperature sensor code and reading analog value code?

Regards,

James

Hi James,
Thanks for your help, most of the problems have been basically solved. There’s one thing that’s always confusing. The frequency trimming you’re talking about can be from 0.7MHz(0000000b) to 1.3MHz (1111111b), which is consistent with fHFOSC of the first item in the table of SLAS673 p27, the datasheet for MSP430L092, but I don’t know what the fHFOSC of the second item means. How did it get from 0.92 to1.08MHz? What’s more, why can the following Figure 12 be from nearly from 2.4MHz (0) to 0.6MHz (128)?
Regards,
Ruan