I found a issue from the datasheet of INA200. I don't think this circuit can protect the load from overcurrent as the state of comparator can not be high all the time. For example, when the output of Vout is large enough to make the input of the comparator larger than 0.6V, the comparator can be high and pull the gate of the nmos to low so that it can prevent the current following. However, the input of the comparator should be low again if the current following is small and the gate of the nmos is high to conduct the Drain and Source of it. After the simulation, I found that my thought is true and the current is a triangle wave at heavy load situation.
I don't know if RESET pin is used in the application as it is floating without any connection. Also, I don't see how the reset pin works to control and prevent the above situation.
I'm expect to receive your response.And the circuit and the simulation result is attached.