TL5001 Specification Questions

Generally speaking, TPS2834 and TL5001 are really old devices. You are pretty much limited to what is in the datasheet for resources. The original IC designers are long since retired from TI. I can make some comments though.

Those caps should be non polarized ceramic types. If any caps in that application are polarized, they will be denoted with a "+" sign. As far as dc voltages are concerned, I would recommend you look at the signals using an oscilloscope. the OUT pin for sure should be a switching waveform. FB should be about 1 V.

The COMP connection of C2 and C3 looks to be incorrect. For type 3 voltage mode compensation i=I would expect C3 to be in parallel with both C2 and R2. But who knows about the original design in that datasheet. It is really old. There is no way to check about it. I would recommend you make that change though. I have designed many feedback circuits, so I am confident about that recommendation. It may solve your problems.

The COMP pin should not be driven below GND.

Who knows where that statement about 100kohm resistance came from? I typically design my compensation networks starting with 10 kohm for the R10 position, then let the other resistor values be whatever they need to be based on calculation, usually from about 1k to 50k.

Pin 8 of TL5001 is GND. You should tie it directly to GND. C8 is the decoupling capacitor.

The design you are copying is meant to generate 3.3 V output from Vin of 4.5 to 12 V. I should work for that. That design was generated many years ago. there is no way to confirm it.

That equation on page 5 is just the general charge equation for an RC circuit. "t" is a variable that you supply.

Good luck with your design. Are you using a double sided PCB with a dedicated ground plane? Many circuit difficulties are due to layout issues.