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Hi Masumi,
In open loop configuration, the TL431 and LM431 VREF pin should not go above Vk or exceed its absolute current input, Iref. Sometimes that is not possible to guarantee, in which case I would recommend to always use a large resistor such as Rref to limit the Iref to below 1mA. This will cause any voltage above 2.5V at the Vref pin to stay between 2.5V - 2.6V.
-MZ