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Xiaojun,
how many boards did you test? all the boards show the same phenomenon?
When Vout is 5V, did you add some loading? If you add such as 1A loading, Vout 5V is stable or not?
Before get you answer, suggest do below test:
When Vout rising to 18V or 24V, test PIN5 voltage. If the voltage is <=0.75V, R4 has solder quality issue.
The probability of damage is 1%. Now, another new phenomenon is that the input end of the constant current source will immediately drop to 8v after the abnormal power on the circuit, but sometimes the circuit can output normally.