Does NiCd charger have non-chargeable battery detection?

If the NiCd cell is the same size as an alkaline cell, then it is nearly impossible to detect the difference between the 2 (as they are the same voltage).  If they were of different sizes, then mechanical interference could be used to prevent the installation of the alkaline cell.  To my knowledge, no one is implementing any sort of detection/safety feature to detect alkalines in a nickle charger.

Due to the differences in chemistry, they shouldn't need to.  The alkaline cells, when charged, become fairly high impedance which limits the charge current and causes the voltage to jump to the cutoff threshold.  Typically not enough energy is put into the cell to get it very hot and the worst case is that the cell may leak, but this would be over a long period of time.  TI does not make any claims about using this charger IC to charge alkaline cells.

Lastly, there are hundreds of chargers out there for nickel cell and most do not have any alkaline detection/protection....if there were any issues, it would be in the news.

TI always recommends that the designer consult with the battery manufactures to fully understand their safety requirements and access their risk.