As noted in this post, the "mode" file that reflects the USB state does not return to "b_idle" when our device is disconnected from the host.
Power up the system, disconnected from the host:
cat /sys/bus/platform/devices/47400000.usb/47401400.usb/musb-hdrc.0.auto/mode
b_idle
Connect to the host:
cat /sys/bus/platform/devices/47400000.usb/47401400.usb/musb-hdrc.0.auto/mode
b_peripheral
Disconnect from the host:
cat /sys/bus/platform/devices/47400000.usb/47401400.usb/musb-hdrc.0.auto/mode
b_peripheral