F28335 Is there a limit to the size of ramfuncs

Edward Sanders

Greetings,

I am using an F28335 and have moved my code to flash. For performance reasons, I started moving some of the code back to RAM using ramfuncs. This worked well at first. But as I added more routines to ramfuncs, the debugger stopped working. It seems to erase the flash and program it, but it never goes to the main function, and as a result never allows me to run it. I tried backing out the most recent changes, but I still can’t run it. To recover, I needed to go back to an archived version of the code. So far, I have tried to put less than 2K into ramfuncs.

Other than the size of memory, is there a limit on how much code can be in ramfuncs? Is there a way to continuing moving code into ramfuncs?

Thank you,

over 9 years ago

0 Vivek Singh over 9 years ago

TI__Guru** 115281 points

Hi Edward,

We are not aware of any such limit. There could be some other error in code which caused this issue. Also look for any warning during compile time.

Regards,

Vivek Singh

0 Santosh Athuru over 9 years ago

TI__Mastermind 19810 points

Edward Sanders said:
But as I added more routines to ramfuncs, the debugger stopped working. It seems to erase the flash and program it, but it never goes to the main function, and as a result never allows me to run it

Ed,

inspect your linker command file, seems like some of the sections are over running. If it doesn't get to main (and I'm guessting that your memcpy for RAMFUNCs is inside main()) then most probably the CINIT initialization isn't completing which means some of the sections are not loaded properly. You can also find out by inspecting your map file.

Hope this helps.

Best Regards

Santosh Athuru

0 Edward Sanders over 9 years ago in reply to Santosh Athuru

Intellectual 430 points

All,

The build shows no warnings. In the map file, I’ve looked at the results in the memory area associated with the ramfuncs. The only other thing in it is the stack. Currently ramfuncs is sized at 0x6e1, and the stack is sized at 0x300. The two are in RAML0. Everything in flash is in FLASHA in which I have consumed 0x23ea of 0x8000 words.

If the linker sections are overrunning, shouldn’t I get a link error? I’m currently receiving no errors and no warnings.

You are correct that the memcpy for ramfuncs is inside main.

There is no cinit routine in the code. Is this something I need to have? Or is it automatically added during the build?

In the map and cmd file, is there something specific I should look for?

Thank you,

0 Santosh Athuru over 9 years ago in reply to Edward Sanders

TI__Mastermind 19810 points

Ed,

the cinit routine comes from the C runtime library. I'm not sure if there would be a warning if the runtime code overlaps with stack or other sections. It will if the LOADED code overlaps with other sections.

In the MAP file and CMD file, pick the sections where the runtime code will be copied and see if there is any other section using the same address range.

Best Regards

Santosh Athuru

0 Janos Szeman over 9 years ago

Intellectual 995 points

Would be nice if you could post your linker script and the map file.

Janos

0 Edward Sanders over 9 years ago in reply to Janos Szeman

Intellectual 430 points

All,

I have checked it and don’t see anything. The ramfuncs area is in RAML0, starts at 0x8000, and is 0x6e1 in length. The stack is also in RAML0, and begins at 0x86e2, and is 0x300 in length. So the two don’t overlap, and together are consuming a little over half of the available RAM. There is nothing else that I can see in that area. I have included the cmd file and the map file which I edited to reduce its size. There is still a lot though. Sorry.

F28335.cmd

// TI File $Revision: /main/10 $

// Checkin $Date: July 9, 2008 13:43:56 $

//###########################################################################

MEMORY

{

PAGE 0:

ZONE0 : origin = 0x004000, length = 0x001000

RAML0 : origin = 0x008000, length = 0x001000

RAML1 : origin = 0x009000, length = 0x001000

RAML2 : origin = 0x00A000, length = 0x001000

RAML3 : origin = 0x00B000, length = 0x001000

ZONE6 : origin = 0x0100000, length = 0x100000

ZONE7A : origin = 0x0200000, length = 0x00FC00

FLASHH : origin = 0x300000, length = 0x008000

FLASHG : origin = 0x308000, length = 0x008000

FLASHF : origin = 0x310000, length = 0x008000

FLASHE : origin = 0x318000, length = 0x008000

FLASHD : origin = 0x320000, length = 0x008000

FLASHC : origin = 0x328000, length = 0x008000

CRCMEM : origin = 0x338000, length = 0x000002

FLASHA : origin = 0x338002, length = 0x007F7E

CSM_RSVD : origin = 0x33FF80, length = 0x000076

BEGIN : origin = 0x33FFF6, length = 0x000002

CSM_PWL : origin = 0x33FFF8, length = 0x000008

OTP : origin = 0x380400, length = 0x000400

ADC_CAL : origin = 0x380080, length = 0x000009

IQTABLES : origin = 0x3FE000, length = 0x000b50

IQTABLES2 : origin = 0x3FEB50, length = 0x00008c

FPUTABLES : origin = 0x3FEBDC, length = 0x0006A0

ROM : origin = 0x3FF27C, length = 0x000D44

RESET : origin = 0x3FFFC0, length = 0x000002

VECTORS : origin = 0x3FFFC2, length = 0x00003E

PAGE 1 :

BOOT_RSVD : origin = 0x000000, length = 0x000050

RAMM0 : origin = 0x000050, length = 0x0003B0

RAMM1 : origin = 0x000400, length = 0x000400

RAML4 : origin = 0x00C000, length = 0x001000

RAML56 : origin = 0x00D000, length = 0x002000

RAML7 : origin = 0x00F000, length = 0x001000

ZONE7B : origin = 0x20FC00, length = 0x000400

FLASHB : origin = 0x330000, length = 0x008000

}

SECTIONS

{

.CrcValue : > CRCMEM PAGE = 0

.cinit : > FLASHA PAGE = 0

.pinit : > FLASHA, PAGE = 0

.text : > FLASHA,

LOAD_START(_TextStart),

LOAD_END(_TextEnd),

PAGE = 0

codestart : > BEGIN PAGE = 0

ramfuncs : LOAD = FLASHA,

RUN = RAML0,

LOAD_START(_RamfuncsLoadStart),

LOAD_END(_RamfuncsLoadEnd),

RUN_START(_RamfuncsRunStart),

PAGE = 0

csmpasswds : > CSM_PWL PAGE = 0

csm_rsvd : > CSM_RSVD PAGE = 0

.stack : > RAML0 PAGE = 0

.ebss : > RAML1 PAGE = 0

.GlobalData : > RAML2 PAGE = 0

.esysmem : > RAMM1 PAGE = 1

.econst : > FLASHA

LOAD_START(_EconstStart),

LOAD_END(_EconstEnd),

PAGE = 0

.switch : > FLASHA PAGE = 0

IQmath : > FLASHC PAGE = 0

IQmathTables : > IQTABLES, PAGE = 0, TYPE = NOLOAD

FPUmathTables : > FPUTABLES, PAGE = 0, TYPE = NOLOAD

.Buffers : > RAML4, PAGE = 1

.ProcessingBuffs : > RAML56, PAGE = 1

.Results : > RAML7, PAGE = 1

ZONE7DATA : > ZONE7B, PAGE = 1

.reset : > RESET, PAGE = 0, TYPE = DSECT

vectors : > VECTORS PAGE = 0, TYPE = DSECT

.adc_cal : load = ADC_CAL, PAGE = 0, TYPE = NOLOAD

}

map file

******************************************************************************

TMS320C2000 Linker PC v6.4.6

******************************************************************************

>> Linked Mon Mar 14 16:34:00 2016

OUTPUT FILE NAME: <Proj.out>

ENTRY POINT SYMBOL: "_c_int00" address: 00339c25

MEMORY CONFIGURATION

name origin length used unused attr fill

---------------------- -------- --------- -------- -------- ---- --------

PAGE 0:

ZONE0 00004000 00001000 00000000 00001000 RWIX

RAML0 00008000 00001000 000009e1 0000061f RWIX

RAML1 00009000 00001000 00000188 00000e78 RWIX

RAML2 0000a000 00001000 0000000a 00000ff6 RWIX

RAML3 0000b000 00001000 00000000 00001000 RWIX

ZONE6 00100000 00100000 00000000 00100000 RWIX

ZONE7A 00200000 0000fc00 00000000 0000fc00 RWIX

FLASHH 00300000 00008000 00000000 00008000 RWIX

FLASHG 00308000 00008000 00000000 00008000 RWIX

FLASHF 00310000 00008000 00000000 00008000 RWIX

FLASHE 00318000 00008000 00000000 00008000 RWIX

FLASHD 00320000 00008000 00000000 00008000 RWIX

FLASHC 00328000 00008000 00000000 00008000 RWIX

CRCMEM 00338000 00000002 00000002 00000000 RWIX

FLASHA 00338002 00007f7e 000023e8 00005b96 RWIX

CSM_RSVD 0033ff80 00000076 00000000 00000076 RWIX

BEGIN 0033fff6 00000002 00000002 00000000 RWIX

CSM_PWL 0033fff8 00000008 00000000 00000008 RWIX

ADC_CAL 00380080 00000009 00000007 00000002 RWIX

OTP 00380400 00000400 00000000 00000400 RWIX

IQTABLES 003fe000 00000b50 00000000 00000b50 RWIX

IQTABLES2 003feb50 0000008c 00000000 0000008c RWIX

FPUTABLES 003febdc 000006a0 00000000 000006a0 RWIX

ROM 003ff27c 00000d44 00000000 00000d44 RWIX

RESET 003fffc0 00000002 00000000 00000002 RWIX

VECTORS 003fffc2 0000003e 00000000 0000003e RWIX

PAGE 1:

BOOT_RSVD 00000000 00000050 00000000 00000050 RWIX

RAMM0 00000050 000003b0 00000000 000003b0 RWIX

RAMM1 00000400 00000400 00000400 00000000 RWIX

DEV_EMU 00000880 00000180 000000d0 000000b0 RWIX

FLASH_REGS 00000a80 00000060 00000008 00000058 RWIX

CSM 00000ae0 00000010 00000010 00000000 RWIX

ADC_MIRROR 00000b00 00000010 00000010 00000000 RWIX

XINTF 00000b20 00000020 0000001e 00000002 RWIX

CPU_TIMER0 00000c00 00000008 00000008 00000000 RWIX

CPU_TIMER1 00000c08 00000008 00000008 00000000 RWIX

CPU_TIMER2 00000c10 00000008 00000008 00000000 RWIX

PIE_CTRL 00000ce0 00000020 0000001a 00000006 RWIX

PIE_VECT 00000d00 00000100 00000100 00000000 RWIX

DMA 00001000 00000200 000000e0 00000120 RWIX

MCBSPA 00005000 00000040 00000025 0000001b RWIX

MCBSPB 00005040 00000040 00000025 0000001b RWIX

ECANA 00006000 00000040 00000034 0000000c RWIX

ECANA_LAM 00006040 00000040 00000040 00000000 RWIX

ECANA_MOTS 00006080 00000040 00000040 00000000 RWIX

ECANA_MOTO 000060c0 00000040 00000040 00000000 RWIX

ECANA_MBOX 00006100 00000100 00000100 00000000 RWIX

ECANB 00006200 00000040 00000034 0000000c RWIX

ECANB_LAM 00006240 00000040 00000040 00000000 RWIX

ECANB_MOTS 00006280 00000040 00000040 00000000 RWIX

ECANB_MOTO 000062c0 00000040 00000040 00000000 RWIX

ECANB_MBOX 00006300 00000100 00000100 00000000 RWIX

EPWM1 00006800 00000022 00000022 00000000 RWIX

EPWM2 00006840 00000022 00000022 00000000 RWIX

EPWM3 00006880 00000022 00000022 00000000 RWIX

EPWM4 000068c0 00000022 00000022 00000000 RWIX

EPWM5 00006900 00000022 00000022 00000000 RWIX

EPWM6 00006940 00000022 00000022 00000000 RWIX

ECAP1 00006a00 00000020 00000020 00000000 RWIX

ECAP2 00006a20 00000020 00000020 00000000 RWIX

ECAP3 00006a40 00000020 00000020 00000000 RWIX

ECAP4 00006a60 00000020 00000020 00000000 RWIX

ECAP5 00006a80 00000020 00000020 00000000 RWIX

ECAP6 00006aa0 00000020 00000020 00000000 RWIX

EQEP1 00006b00 00000040 00000040 00000000 RWIX

EQEP2 00006b40 00000040 00000040 00000000 RWIX

GPIOCTRL 00006f80 00000040 0000002e 00000012 RWIX

GPIODAT 00006fc0 00000020 00000020 00000000 RWIX

GPIOINT 00006fe0 00000020 0000000a 00000016 RWIX

SYSTEM 00007010 00000020 00000020 00000000 RWIX

SPIA 00007040 00000010 00000010 00000000 RWIX

SCIA 00007050 00000010 00000010 00000000 RWIX

XINTRUPT 00007070 00000010 00000010 00000000 RWIX

ADC 00007100 00000020 0000001e 00000002 RWIX

SCIB 00007750 00000010 00000010 00000000 RWIX

SCIC 00007770 00000010 00000010 00000000 RWIX

I2CA 00007900 00000040 00000022 0000001e RWIX

RAML4 0000c000 00001000 00001000 00000000 RWIX

RAML56 0000d000 00002000 00001180 00000e80 RWIX

RAML7 0000f000 00001000 00001000 00000000 RWIX

ZONE7B 0020fc00 00000400 00000000 00000400 RWIX

FLASHB 00330000 00008000 00000000 00008000 RWIX

CSM_PWL 0033fff8 00000008 00000008 00000000 RWIX

PARTID 00380090 00000001 00000001 00000000 RWIX

SECTION ALLOCATION MAP

output attributes/

section page origin length input sections

-------- ---- ---------- ---------- ----------------

.stack 0 000086e2 00000300 UNINITIALIZED

000086e2 00000300 --HOLE--

.ebss 0 00009000 00000188 UNINITIALIZED

00009000 00000142

00009142 00000018

0000915a 00000008

00009162 00000006

00009168 00000005

0000916d 00000001

0000916e 00000004

00009172 00000004

00009176 00000004

0000917a 00000002

0000917c 00000002

0000917e 00000002

00009180 00000002

00009182 00000002

00009184 00000002

00009186 00000001

00009187 00000001

.GlobalData

* 0 0000a000 0000000a UNINITIALIZED

0000a000 0000000a

.CrcValue

* 0 00338000 00000002

00338000 00000002

ramfuncs 0 00338002 000006e1 RUN ADDR = 00008000

00338002 000000fe

00338100 000000ce

003381ce 000000ba

00338288 000000b9

00338341 000000a7

003383e8 000000a5

0033848d 0000009c

00338529 00000089

003385b2 0000006b

0033861d 00000032

0033864f 0000002b

0033867a 00000029

003386a3 00000021

003386c4 0000001b

003386df 00000004

.text 0 003386e4 00001970

003386e4 000003e9

00338acd 00000316

00338de3 00000203

00338fe6 000001e2

003391c8 000001bf

00339387 00000133

003394ba 000000f8

003395b2 0000009f

00339651 00000088

003396d9 00000086

0033975f 0000007c

003397db 00000076

00339851 00000073

003398c4 00000073

00339937 00000071

003399a8 00000068

00339a10 00000062

00339a72 00000061

00339ad3 0000005b

00339b2e 00000058

00339b86 00000050

00339bd6 0000004f

00339c25 00000046

00339c6b 00000045

00339cb0 00000036

00339ce6 00000034

00339d1a 00000033

00339d4d 0000002d

00339d7a 00000028

00339da2 00000028

00339dca 00000028

00339df2 00000024

00339e16 00000024

00339e3a 00000022

00339e5c 00000022

00339e7e 00000020

00339e9e 0000001e

00339ebc 0000001e

00339eda 0000001c

00339ef6 0000001a

00339f10 00000019

00339f29 00000019

00339f42 00000016

00339f58 00000016

00339f6e 00000016

00339f84 00000015

00339f99 00000014

00339fad 00000014

00339fc1 00000014

00339fd5 00000013

00339fe8 00000013

00339ffb 0000000e

0033a009 0000000c

0033a015 00000009

0033a01e 00000007

0033a025 00000007

0033a02c 00000006

0033a032 00000005

0033a037 00000005

0033a03c 00000004

0033a040 00000004

0033a044 00000003

0033a047 00000003

0033a04a 00000003

0033a04d 00000003

0033a050 00000001

0033a051 00000001

0033a052 00000001

0033a053 00000001

.econst 0 0033a054 00000360

0033a054 00000200

0033a254 00000100

0033a354 0000002a

0033a37e 0000002a

0033a3a8 00000004

0033a3ac 00000004

0033a3b0 00000004

.cinit 0 0033a3b4 00000031

0033a3b4 0000000a

0033a3be 00000005

0033a3c3 00000005

0033a3c8 00000005

0033a3cd 00000005

0033a3d2 00000005

0033a3d7 00000004

0033a3db 00000004

0033a3df 00000004

0033a3e3 00000002

.pinit 0 0033a3e6 00000006

0033a3e6 00000002

0033a3e8 00000002

0033a3ea 00000002

codestart

* 0 0033fff6 00000002

0033fff6 00000002

.adc_cal 0 00380080 00000007

00380080 00000007

.esysmem 1 00000400 00000400

00000400 00000001

00000401 000003ff

DevEmuRegsFile

* 1 00000880 000000d0

00000880 000000d0

FlashRegsFile

* 1 00000a80 00000008

00000a80 00000008

CsmRegsFile

* 1 00000ae0 00000010

00000ae0 00000010

AdcMirrorFile

* 1 00000b00 00000010

00000b00 00000010

XintfRegsFile

* 1 00000b20 0000001e

00000b20 0000001e

CpuTimer0RegsFile

* 1 00000c00 00000008

00000c00 00000008

CpuTimer1RegsFile

* 1 00000c08 00000008

00000c08 00000008

CpuTimer2RegsFile

* 1 00000c10 00000008

00000c10 00000008

PieCtrlRegsFile

* 1 00000ce0 0000001a

00000ce0 0000001a

PieVectTableFile

* 1 00000d00 00000100

00000d00 00000100

DmaRegsFile

* 1 00001000 000000e0

00001000 000000e0

McbspaRegsFile

* 1 00005000 00000025

00005000 00000025

McbspbRegsFile

* 1 00005040 00000025

00005040 00000025

ECanaRegsFile

* 1 00006000 00000034

00006000 00000034

ECanaLAMRegsFile

* 1 00006040 00000040

00006040 00000040

ECanaMOTSRegsFile

* 1 00006080 00000040

00006080 00000040

ECanaMOTORegsFile

* 1 000060c0 00000040

000060c0 00000040

ECanaMboxesFile

* 1 00006100 00000100

00006100 00000100

ECanbRegsFile

* 1 00006200 00000034

00006200 00000034

ECanbLAMRegsFile

* 1 00006240 00000040

00006240 00000040

ECanbMOTSRegsFile

* 1 00006280 00000040

00006280 00000040

ECanbMOTORegsFile

* 1 000062c0 00000040

000062c0 00000040

ECanbMboxesFile

* 1 00006300 00000100

00006300 00000100

EPwm1RegsFile

* 1 00006800 00000022

00006800 00000022

EPwm2RegsFile

* 1 00006840 00000022

00006840 00000022

EPwm3RegsFile

* 1 00006880 00000022

00006880 00000022

EPwm4RegsFile

* 1 000068c0 00000022

000068c0 00000022

EPwm5RegsFile

* 1 00006900 00000022

00006900 00000022

EPwm6RegsFile

* 1 00006940 00000022

00006940 00000022

ECap1RegsFile

* 1 00006a00 00000020

00006a00 00000020

ECap2RegsFile

* 1 00006a20 00000020

00006a20 00000020

ECap3RegsFile

* 1 00006a40 00000020

00006a40 00000020

ECap4RegsFile

* 1 00006a60 00000020

00006a60 00000020

ECap5RegsFile

* 1 00006a80 00000020

00006a80 00000020

ECap6RegsFile

* 1 00006aa0 00000020

00006aa0 00000020

EQep1RegsFile

* 1 00006b00 00000040

00006b00 00000040

EQep2RegsFile

* 1 00006b40 00000040

00006b40 00000040

GpioCtrlRegsFile

* 1 00006f80 0000002e

00006f80 0000002e

GpioDataRegsFile

* 1 00006fc0 00000020

00006fc0 00000020

GpioIntRegsFile

* 1 00006fe0 0000000a

00006fe0 0000000a

SysCtrlRegsFile

* 1 00007010 00000020

00007010 00000020

SpiaRegsFile

* 1 00007040 00000010

00007040 00000010

SciaRegsFile

* 1 00007050 00000010

00007050 00000010

XIntruptRegsFile

* 1 00007070 00000010

00007070 00000010

AdcRegsFile

* 1 00007100 0000001e

00007100 0000001e

ScibRegsFile

* 1 00007750 00000010

00007750 00000010

ScicRegsFile

* 1 00007770 00000010

00007770 00000010

I2caRegsFile

* 1 00007900 00000022

00007900 00000022

CsmPwlFile

* 1 0033fff8 00000008

0033fff8 00000008

PartIdRegsFile

* 1 00380090 00000001

00380090 00000001

.Buffers 1 0000c000 00001000

0000c000 00001000

.ProcessingBuffs

* 1 0000d000 00001180

0000d000 00001180

.DftResults

* 1 0000f000 00001000

0000f000 00001000

.reset 0 003fffc0 00000002

003fffc0 00000002

vectors 0 003fffc2 00000000

Thank you,

0 Janos Szeman over 9 years ago in reply to Edward Sanders

Intellectual 995 points

Hello Ed,

The files look ok. I don't see anything suspicious, but please make sure that symbol _c_int00 is listed in the parts you edited out from the map file.

One thing you could try: place a breakpoint at this instruction: LB _c_int00. This must be in something called xxxxxx_CodeStartBranch.asm. This is the instruction the ROM bootloader will jump to after finishing doing its thing. Watching what it does may give you a clue about what is happening.

BR,

Janos

0 Edward Sanders over 9 years ago in reply to Janos Szeman

Intellectual 430 points

Hi Janos,

The map file does contain a reference to _c_int00 as follows:

0 00339c25 _c_int00

I put a breakpoint in CodeStartBranch.asm and hit that. Single stepping, I found myself in boot28.inc. In the PROCESS PINIT SECTION (that’s what it says in the comment block directly above it), it gets to LOOP_PINIT:, and proceeds to the LCR instruction. There is no return from that, and the system restarts. I can’t even step into that without the reset. What does that mean?

Thanks,

0 Janos Szeman over 9 years ago in reply to Edward Sanders

Intellectual 995 points

Hi Ed,

Quote from the compiler docs:

All global C++ variables that have constructors must have their constructor called before main(). The
compiler builds a table in a section called .pinit of global constructor addresses that must be called, in
order, before main(). The linker combines the .pinit section form each input file to form a single table in the
.pinit section. The boot routine uses this table to execute the constructors.

I have never worked with C++ on C28 before so this is just a theory: I guess you have some C++ code you intended to run from the RAM and the pinit tries to run constructors from the RAM before your main had the chance to copy the code from flash to RAM.

We can check it by reading the .pinit section from the flash (6 words between 0x0033a3e6 and 0x0033a3ec).

Regards,
Janos

0 Edward Sanders over 9 years ago in reply to Janos Szeman

Intellectual 430 points

Hi Janos,

The six words at that address are all 0xFFFF.

But the part about the constructors makes sense because I had just tried to move a couple of constructors to the ramfuncs area. When I removed the attempt to move them, it started to work again. Do you know of a way that I can move the constructors to RAM?

Thank you,

0 Janos Szeman over 9 years ago in reply to Edward Sanders

Intellectual 995 points

This is odd. I expected them to be pointing in the RAM somewhere and the last one to be zero. This makes it harder to fix it. Anyway, this is the reason why you can't debug your code when constructors are in RAM.

I am not aware of any way of letting the boot function know where the constructors really are. If somehow you could convince the linker to place the flash addresses there, that would solve the problem.

There might be couple of ways to make C++ objects work from RAM but anything I can think of is ugly and on the other hand this is not what you asked.

0 Santosh Athuru over 9 years ago in reply to Edward Sanders

TI__Mastermind 19810 points

Ed,
is this a C++ project?
can you move the below sections to PAGE 1 memory sections, instead of PAGE 0? Not sure what global data is, I don't see it in the MAP file.

.stack : > RAML0 PAGE = 0
.ebss : > RAML1 PAGE = 0
.GlobalData : > RAML2 PAGE = 0

Best Regards
Santosh Athuru

0 Edward Sanders over 9 years ago in reply to Santosh Athuru

Intellectual 430 points

All,
I determined that constructors were being called during the initialization process before it would get to main(). I’m presuming that these are being called to construct the global objects before the program is called. When I stopped trying to move the constructors, the problem went away. I have now moved nearly everything, excluding the constructors with no further incident.

Ed

C2000™︎ microcontrollers

C2000 microcontrollers forum

F28335 Is there a limit to the size of ramfuncs